TRANSFER NIEWYKORZYSTANEGO POTENCJAŁU ZABUDOWY JAKO ALTERNATYWA DLA WYWŁASZCZENIA W RAMACH MECHANIZMÓW OCHRONY OBSZARÓW CENNYCH PRZYRODNICZO ORAZ OBSZARÓW ROLNICZYCH W STANACH ZJEDNOCZONYCH AMERYKI

Wojciech Kwiatkowski

doi:10.21697/zp.2022.22.4.07

Published: 2022-12-30

Vol. 22 No. 4 (2022)

Protection of valuable natural and rural land in the United States: Transfer of development rights as a alternative to government expropriation

Wojciech Kwiatkowski

Zeszyty Prawnicze

Section: Artykuły

https://doi.org/10.21697/zp.2022.22.4.07

Abstract

This article discusses the basic principles for the development and protection of the natural environment and agricultural land, known in the United States as the farm and land preservation eﬀort, by means of Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). TDR is a market-based land use planning tool which allows landowners to preserve property with unique characteristics (“sending areas”) by transferring their development rights to other areas (“receiving areas”) designated by the authorities for further development. The person to whom the rights are transferred - in most cases a real estate developer - uses them to develop another piece of property more intensively than allowed by its baseline zoning. Today this tool, which originated as an instrument applied by individual states only in large urban areas, is an important part of state and federal measures for the protection of naturally valuable areas and agricultural land. It is also an example of a market mechanism which, if properly moderated and supported by the authorities, secures the achievement of specific goals without resorting to enforcements such as regulations, administrative orders or prohibitions. Moreover, the clear advantage of this mechanism for the authorities is that it reduces the chances of property owners claiming compensation for protected real estate.

Keywords:

development rights; air rights; real estate; farmland protection; protection of important environmental areas; transfer of development rights; urban sprawl.

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Kwiatkowski, W. (2022). Protection of valuable natural and rural land in the United States: Transfer of development rights as a alternative to government expropriation. Zeszyty Prawnicze, 22(4), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.21697/zp.2022.22.4.07

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